Managing Across Borders Management

Question: Discuss about the Managing Across Borders Management. Answer: Introduction This report present new techniques and strategies that will help AmericInn hotels in the management in the rising cross border business and transactions. With regards to this, there are two things that can create impact on the organization that is firstly the changes in the functional, natural, mixed and institutional change. And the second major issue is the fact that where the new business will expand. There are various types of methods, tools, models that are used while management of across borders takes place. The objectives and goals of this report is to analyze that whether the AmericInn Company would be able to manage in the changing and international business environment as it is very unfamiliar to the company. as we know, when a company tries to expand their business operations to other country than it has to face many problems regarding the culture, political parties, government interventions, nature, region, etc. The leaders and managers have to take qualitative and quantitative steps to manage all the issues and to face all the challenges. The leaders of the company take optimal decisions so that the organization will not face any major issues. It can become possible when the managers and leaders will make effective plans related to the management of cross borders. They have to design schemes and tactics that can work in the international markets of the world. It is very relevant to AmericInn to form such policies to cope up with the challenges and competition present in the across borders countries. As we know, the world has become very interactive due to the presence of technology. This results in globally challenged business organizations in which the managers and leaders have to be very effective. An overview of company: AmericInn hotel and suites AmericInn is a chain of hotels and suites that was founded in the year 1984 in the suburban twin cities. This chain is comprises of mid-price and limited service hotels. It is spread in all over United States including 240 states and cities. The majority of hotels are located in Midwestern United States with the franchises of AmericInn. The franchise of AmericInn was founded and was initiated by Jim Graves and opened in the year 1984. 20 properties of AmericInn are located in Minnesota and Wisconsin and its expansions are in the mid Midwestern United States. It has approx 240 motels and more of them are locate in the upper Midwest (AmericInn, 2016). An understanding of the impact of globalization on Managers and organizations First of all we have to understand that what globalization is? It refers to the expansion of business operations into the international markets to earn more revenue and profits. The process of globalization has a great impact on not only the business but also on the managers and other people working with the organization. Every successful business wants to expand their business operations in the global and international markets. AmericInn is a company that is a well established company of America. This motivates the company to spread its operations in to the international countries so that the company can run and earn more revenues. It is one of the common issues of all the successful businesses. there are many factors that must be considered before going global as every organization including AmericInn have to manage all these factors like the laws for the employees, the culture of the international country, terminologies and the corporate social responsibility. It creates a hug imp act on the working of the organization (Bhagat, et.al. 2002). AmericInn have to face a new environment as before they are dealing in America only. The culture of America is very different from other countries. They have to face issues related to the communication, government policies, political stability, culture differentiation, etc. The process of globalization creates a major impact on the human resource management of the AmericInn in company as they have to manage diversity of workforce who belongs to different nations and backgrounds from all over the globe. There are lots of challenges that will be faced by the managers and leaders of AmericInn (Cappellen, and Janssens, 2005). The management of the different diversity of workforce in the organization is a vital part of globalization. As they deal with different countries, the people will come from various nations. It will create problems related to the communication, culture, mindsets, etc. The other major challenges faced by the managers of AmericInn are the rights and laws for the labors in the other nations. It is very difficult for the HR managers of the company to study the rules and regulations of other countys policies. This creates a huge burden on the managers of the company (Guo and Rongxing, 2015). The outsourcing of the employees is also a reason for the challenges and issues. It is the mentality of people that they do not want to change their country for better opportunity. This will become as issue for AmericInn. The managers of AmericInn observed that the employees that are recruited for the outside country generally work for part-time of temporary basis. It results in insecurity of termination and turnover of the employees form the organization. The major reason due to which AmericInn was avoiding from expansion was management of productivity and quality in the organization. It is very easy for the company to manage both the elements in the local boundaries as they are aware of the culture of America (Birkinshaw, Brannen, and Tung, 2011). The process of globalization involves downsizing of the workforce form the organization. It is a major drawback as AmericInn has to terminate many of the skilled and intelligent employees from the organization for the sake of globalization. This is the most crucial process of international business (Scullion, and Collings, 2006). AmericInn have to manage flexibility in the working process and working hours so that the employee and other members get familiar with the environment of the company. It becomes very relevant for every company which is expanding its business operations into the global markets. An understanding of strategy issues in international Business Though, international business carries lots of benefits with it as the business can experience various types of new markets and untouched markets, new customers, policies, benefits, revenues, profits, sales, etc. Despite of all above, AmericInn have to face many types of issues regarding the planning for the strategies. There are key issues and challenges faced by AmericInn in the formation and management of strategy formation. AmericInn should identify the key issues that may come while internationalization of business operations. Key issues in the strategies are related to those issues that affects the survival of AmericInn in other countries. The companies have to study some relevant elements that effects its position that are market position on that refers to the products and services offered to the target markets. The main issue is whether the goods and services are fulfilling the customers need or not. The financial position of the company must be strong while internationalization of the company as it helps in achieving the goals of the organization. The system of production represent the technology that is used by the hotel AmericInn as the customers wants updated luxury while spending money. The managers also have to look at the human resource department of the company to continue the proces s of recruitment, selection, training, development, compensation of the employees. There is a huge difference in the domestic strategy and international strategy. In this regard, the company AmericInn has discovered four main areas where the strategies must be formed and implemented. It is done by the strategy analyst of the company. the fur strategies are the geographic spread, integration of global challenges, multinational firms, multi business firms, etc. the global factors depicts that in which global location the company wants to establish its further operations. Then the motive is to spread the business operation according to the locations. If we talk about AmericInn than the Asian countries are the best suite locations. This could provide advantage to enlarge the operations of the hotel to international market. So we can say that the practice of international business and its strategy is not very easy for AmericInn as there is a very thin line between the general strategy of the business and the international strategy of the business operations. The managers are facing a huge amount of competition that results in failure of the strategy formation for the organization. An understanding of the skills required by managers to Manage in a global context To succeed in todays fast moving world, AmericInn has to prepare their leaders and managers to cope up with the challenges and issues that come across while internationalization of the business takes place. There are certain qualities that must be developed in the managers and leaders of AmericInn. They re the set of skills and knowledge that must be found in the working style of them. To manage the pressure from the global economy, the managers have to diversify their mind sets according to the regions, nations, and substantial boundaries of the global economy. AmericInn wants to set up effective business operations in the overseas locations. This can be achieved through broad senses and technical knowhow. The specific qualities that must be required by the managers are- The overseas experiences The overseas experiences that reflect the knowledge and skills of managers about the counties in which the business operation is taking place or will take place in future. To become an international manager, it is very relevant to develop knowledge about the international markets, international cultures, policies, etc. (Javidan, et.al. 2005). Self-awareness Self-awareness is also the most important quality that must be present in AmericInns manager. This represents the beliefs and values of the manager on himself. The company has to chose such individual a manager who is confident about himself and must be aware about his or her powers. Without such quality it is not possible o manage the tough environment of international business. Cultural diversification There must be sensitivity in the cultural diversification of the staff and other members. As we know that a manager is an individual who promotes unity in the organization. AmericInn have to develop a sense of diversification in the minds of the managers so that they can respect the diversities in the company. Humility It is very relevant to manage humility in the organization. This helps in the unification and satisfaction of the employees. The hotel industry is one where it is vital to manage a decent and sophisticated behavior for their clients. It can be possible only when the staff will maintain good hospitality in AmericInn. Strategic thinking Global strategic thinking is the key factor that can help the managers and leaders of AmericInn to succeed in the global environment. It helps to make strategies according to the international environment of the country in which the company is dealing with. Good communication and well spoken Good communication and well spoken are the factors that helps in attracting new customers and clients in the organization. Communication has a power that can connect two different people together. Hence, it becomes very relevant for AmericInn to have effective communication power to deal in international business (Pettigrew, Woodman, and Cameron, 2001). A good negotiator A good negotiator is a best quality of a manager or a leader. If these skills are added to the managers of AmericInn than the company can easily tackle with the unfavorable environment of new locations. While going global it is the basic requirement that must be found in every leader. Attractive and pleasing presence Presence is the first thing that comes in the notice. Mangers should be presentable as he is a representative of the entire organization. The managers of AmericInn should develop their personality in a way that they look charismatic and presentable (Soderberg, and Holden, 2002). An understanding of major entry and exit strategies of International business There are various ways through which AmericInn can entry and exit from the international business Exporting as an entry strategy Direct- Direct entry refers to initiate the operations directly in the international business or country. It is the most risky way as the entire operations and the business organization is new for the location. Indirect- Indirect refers to firstly start the operations from the domestic nation to develop the knowledge and skills of the other countries (Adler, 2006). Foreign production as an entering strategy Licensing- It is almost similar to the contract manufacturing. In case of AmericInn it refers to provide license to any other company who wants to start operation of the same company (Lu, and Beamish, 2004). Franchising- It is one of the special forms of licensing in which the franchisor use the entire pan of the main company and promote it in the other nations. This concept is the most updated and expanding rapidly as it has many advantages. Local manufacturing- It refers to the manufacturing in which the company manufactures the local products and services instead of any international brand and multinational companys product pr services. Owners entering strategies Joint ventures- Joint venture refers to the investment are done in any foreign firm. It is a type of partnership. In this the firms get advantage to manage the other firms on their own basis. Strategic alliance- Strategic alliance is an updated version of joint ventures. They are different from traditional way joint ventures. Entering into the markets through the mergers and acquisitions- Instead of building the base, many companies direct merge or acquire the business operations of the other international companies. It is one of the attractive ay to enter into the global markets (Werner, 2002). Exit strategy There are no particular strategies for the exit of the firms form the national as well as international markets. There are various types of circumstances that force the companies to exit from the market or country. Failure is one of the major reason due to which the companies take exit but there are other reasons too that may force the companies to exit from the markets. They can be political reasons, financial problems or lack or finance, economic reasons and legal reasons. They are the reasons due to which the companies want to dissolve the operations and sell the entire or partial organization. High cost of operation sis also major issue in the international business as it is not possible to initiate the business operations wit out the investment of money and finance (AmericInn, 2016). Conclusion At last we can conclude that the company has managed the changes that has takes place while changing and expanding the business operations from one country to another country. Though, it is not an easy task for any company. But the AmericInn hotels and suites somehow proved that they have done across border management in a prominent way. The managers and the leaders of the company AmericInn are very effective while drafting the policies and strategies of management takes place at the time of across borders. They have a good knowledge of international markets. The managers of the company know well to manage the international business transaction in an effective and efficient ways. We have an understanding of the impact of globalization on Managers and organization, an understanding of strategy issues in international Business, an understanding of the skills required by managers to manage in a global context, and an understanding of major entry and exit strategies of International busi ness. As we know that the across border business has created a huge impact on the managers and the entire organization. It has become relevant for the managers to cope up with the challenges that have come at the time of management. The leaders and managers have to take qualitative and quantitative steps to manage all the issues and to face all the challenges. The leaders of the company take optimal decisions so that the organization will not face any major issues. It can become possible when the managers and leaders will make effective plans related to the management of cross borders. References Adler, N.J., 2006. The Arts Leadership: Now that we can do anything, what will we do?. Academy of Management Learning Education, 5(4), pp.486-499. AmericInn, 2016. AmericInn, [Online], Accessed on: 7 December 2016, Available at: https://www.americinn.com/ Bemak, F., 2000. Transforming the role of the counselor to provide leadership in education reform through collaboration. Professional School Counseling, 3(5), p.323. Bennett, R., Aston, A. and Colquhoun, T., 2000. Cross-cultural training: A critical step in ensuring the success of international assignments. Human Resource Management, 39(2, 3), p.239. Bhagat, R.S., Kedia, B.L., Harveston, P.D. and Triandis, H.C., 2002. Cultural variations in the cross-border transfer of organizational knowledge: An integrative framework. Academy of management review, 27(2), pp.204-221. Birkinshaw, J., Brannen, M.Y. and Tung, R.L., 2011. From a distance and generalizable to up close and grounded: Reclaiming a place for qualitative methods in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(5), pp.573-581. Cappellen, T. and Janssens, M., 2005. Career paths of global managers: Towards future research. Journal of World Business, 40(4), pp.348-360. De La Potterie, B.V.P. and Lichtenberg, F., 2001. Does foreign direct investment transfer technology across borders?. Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(3), pp.490-497. Florini, A. and Sovacool, B.K., 2009. Who governs energy? The challenges facing global energy governance. Energy Policy, 37(12), pp.5239-5248. Guilln, M.F. and Garca-Canal, E., 2009. The American model of the multinational firm and the new multinationals from emerging economies. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 23(2), pp.23-35. Gupta, A.K. and Govindarajan, V., 2002. Cultivating a global mindset. The Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), pp.116-126. Guo and Rongxing, 2015. Cross border management, [Online], Accessed on: 7 December 2016, Available at: https://www.springer.com/la/book/9783662451557 hospitalitynet, 2016. AmericInn Hotel And Suites To Expand Into Middle East, South Asia, [Online], Accessed on: 7 December 2016, Available at: https://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4073889.html Javidan, M., Stahl, G.K., Brodbeck, F. and Wilderom, C.P., 2005. Cross-border transfer of knowledge: Cultural lessons from Project GLOBE. The Academy of Management Executive, 19(2), pp.59-76. Lu, J.W. and Beamish, P.W., 2004. International diversification and firm performance: The S-curve hypothesis. Academy of management journal, 47(4), pp.598-609. McDougall, P.P. and Oviatt, B.M., 2000. International entrepreneurship: the intersection of two research paths. Academy of management Journal, 43(5), pp.902-906. Pettigrew, A.M., Woodman, R.W. and Cameron, K.S., 2001. Studying organizational change and development: Challenges for future research. Academy of management journal, 44(4), pp.697-713. Pless, N.M., Maak, T. and Stahl, G.K., 2011. Developing responsible global leaders through international service-learning programs: The Ulysses experience. Academy of Management Learning Education, 10(2), pp.237-260. Scullion, H. and Collings, D.G. eds., 2006. Global staffing. Routledge. Sderberg, A.M. and Holden, N., 2002. Rethinking cross cultural management in a globalizing business world. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2(1), pp.103-121. Werner, S., 2002. Recent developments in international management research: A review of 20 top management journals. Journal of Management, 28(3), pp.277-305.

Relationship between personal and professional values Free Sample

Question: What is the relationship between personal and professional values, ethics and the legislative framework for Social Work? Answer: The objective of this paper is to explore the relationship between the personal values and the professional values, the ethics and the legislative framework for social work. In this paper, I would establish links between each section of the paper to my chosen case study; the Slater family. The personal can be defined as a set of strong beliefs and opinions that an individual considers to be important and worthy in his or her life. Values are also sometimes seen as problematic as they may change over time. (Beckett and Maynard, 2013). Examples of personal values are: equality, justice, honesty, positivity, respect and etc. These values are formed within a person once they start to understand the difference between good or bad and right or wrong. It is correct that right or wrong is a very subjective matter and this is precisely the reason that the personal values of people differ. The personal values would encompass cultural, moral, traditional, political or religious values. Personal values and their meanings are unique for every individual and they differ greatly from person to person. In fact, the personal values can differ even within the same profession. A Social Workers personal values may affect how he carry himself and the decisions and choices he make within hi s professional practice. Therefore, it is crucial for Social Workers to be aware of the existence of these values and their roots. For many individuals the reason behind their choice of this career path is mainly because of the values; to some extent their personal values are congruent to the values of Social Work. However there may still be times in a Social Workers career where they may find themselves in conflict between their personal values and professional values. Professional values are the principles that are set out to guide individuals on how to act and behave within a professional practice. Professional values state how every practitioner should treat their clients. Although the HCPC code of conducts sets out clear guidelines on how every Social Worker should carry out their actions in practice, the professional values are distinct from those which are set by legislations and policies. Professional values are the values that are held in common by a profession, whether they are written formally or just known informally. Also each of the Social Work organisations may have their own set of values. (Beckett and Maynard, 2013). Examples of Professional Social Work values are: commitment to achieving social change in order to meet socially recognized needs, giving importance to the most vulnerable individuals of society, respecting differences within groups and individuals and etc. It is important that the social workers should create a balance between their personal values and their professional values. It is very common for Social Workers to experience conflicts between their personal and professional values throughout practice. This conflict is a major problem for social workers. The problem occurs not only with this conflict, but also when the personal and professional values conflict with the needs of the diverse service users. However the professional values will determine how a Social Worker should perform as a professional practitioner. Therefore in every situation, before coming to a decision the Social Worker will need to question their personal values to see if it is compatible to the professional values. Moreover, when the two contradict, the professional values will always dominate the personal values as the Social Worker will put aside their own personal values, in order to conduct themselves in an appropriate professional manner (Banks, 2012). An example of when a Social Workers personal and professional values may come in conflict is if they were to be a religious induvial who did not believe in homosexuality and they were assigned to work with a gay couple, their personal values may lead them to treating them less favourably than the other service users; however their professional values will guide them to the right path; respecting diversity and treating people equally. These issues may impact upon the Slater Family in various ways because the Social Workers personal values will make them look down a different road in regards to this case, whilst the professional values will bring them back, reminding them of the professional standards that they must maintain. One example of an issue that may arise with the Slater family is that both of the parents are unemployed and the family are on low income, living on housing and other benefits. The Social Workers personal values may allow them to be prejudice towards the family; thinking that they are just uneducated lazy people, who did not do further study or make any effort to try get a job. A second issue may be that the mother Sally, has learning disability. Even in todays society there are individuals who still frown upon people with a disability. The Social Worker may presume that Sally is incapable of doing anything due to her learning disabilities, even small tasks and therefore considered not fit to be a mother. Another example of an issue could be the race of either of the parents, as the father is white British and mother mixed-race British. In this situation if the Social Worker is from a by different ethnicity they may find it difficult to work with people of different cultures. There may be further complications if the Social Worker who is assigned to this family, struggles to come to terms with their personal and professional values whilst working on their case. Therefore it is crucial for Social Work professionals to come to an understanding with their personal and professional values to ensure that they are providing the best possible service to all their service users. One other major issue is that Darren and Sally are allowing their friends to take drugs in their flat. The Social Workers personal values may be that this kind of behaviour is unacceptable, they will have certain expectations regarding substance misuse, especially since it is in the presence of two young children.

Why Is A Sample Cambridge Program Essay Required For High School Students?

Why Is A Sample Cambridge Program Essay Required For High School Students?Every student who enters a Cambridge University is required to complete a sample Cambridge program essay. This is an essay for which the student is required to put their best work into. It is also an essay that requires them to demonstrate their ability to express themselves in writing.These types of essays are typically written in the first two years of study in Cambridge University. This is so because these are the two most important years in one's life. They also happen to be the two strongest years in one's academic career. If the student wants to get into Cambridge, then they have to do everything they can in the early years of their education to become a strong academic.The reason why the program essay is required of high school students is so that they can learn how to write an essay from one of the best tomes in the field. It also teaches them how to express themselves with words and ideas. These types of essays make it possible for the student to express what they feel and they allow them to demonstrate how capable they are at speaking and writing.Not only is this type of essay beneficial to high school students, but it is helpful to all students who want to get into Cambridge University. By writing this kind of essay, the student demonstrates their ability to express themselves as well as their knowledge of the subjects. That is the main purpose of writing this type of essay.Even though the high school students who write them do so for one reason, they always expect them to be accepted. The reason is because the essay is different from anything they have ever written. They try to emulate the way that someone who is a highly regarded author, authorizes, or speaker expresses themselves in writing.Another thing that makes this program essay more beneficial to high school students is that it provides them with an opportunity to express themselves on various different topics. These t opics usually include religious, political, and social situations. The essay usually serves as a tool to show the students what different writing techniques are.Most students who write these types of essays usually expect them to be good or at least very good. The reason for this is because they do not know how to do it well. The student will need some guidance when they are trying to write a good program essay.The best thing that one can do if they want to write a good program essay is to find an example and follow it step by step. Even though it is not an easy task, it is something that any student who wants to go to Cambridge University must take part in. They need to put their best work into it so that they can get into the school of their choice.

Two Gentlemen in Verona free essay sample

The Abasement of The Upper Class Most people have a predetermined idea of the levels of a social hierarchy. They presume that the upper class is noble, proper and educated while the lower class is of the opposite; the lower class work for the upper class and thus cannot possibly exceed the caliber of the upper class. Shakespeare upends this predetermined notion by utilizing the characters to convey a strong sense of role reversal throughout The Two Gentlemen of Verona. This role reversal upsets the stereotypical social hierarchy and strongly suggests that the upper class may not be as highly esteemed as they are perceived to be. Loyalty is an underlying theme throughout the play. Symbols of loyalty prompt the reader to not only compare the loyalty of a servant’s relationship with an upperclassman’s relationship but also conclude that this comparison often leads to the degradation of the upper class characters. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Gentlemen in Verona or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Proteus refers to himself as â€Å"spaniel-like† (4. 2. 4) in Act 4; however his actions show that he is the direct opposite of what a spaniel, or a dog, should be like. Judging from his fickle actions of suddenly falling in love with Silvia after swearing to remain faithful to Julia, Proteus is unable to have nearly as much loyalty as a spaniel should have. Thus one can conclude that Proteus is not nearly as loyal as a dog. His condemnable actions lead to an abasement of the upper class and gives way to the idea that the aristocratic aren’t as respectable as they seem to be. The relationship between Lance and Crab can be compared to Proteus and Julia. Lance, the servant has an unusually loyal and selfless relationship with his dog, Crab. It is interesting to note that Lance seems to be more loyal or devoted to Crab, than his dog is to him. In fact, Lance even takes the blame and beating for his dog when Crab his caught â€Å"a pissing† (4. 4. 1) under the table. This loyalty can be compared to Proteus and Julia in that Lance’s selflessly devoted relationship with Crab is a parody of the despicably unfaithful relationship Proteus has with Julia. The â€Å"reversed† relationship between Lance and Crab also gives way to a new and important idea for the rest of the play. Upon closer inspection, one can see that the master, in this case Lance resembles the characteristics of a loyal servant, which should be the role played by Lance’s dog, Crab. The unusual reversal of roles that this master and its dog should have, gives way to a recurring idea – prominent throughout the rest of the play, that the characteristics of the lower class and upper class are interchanged. Speed and Lance are two servants who happen to be servants of two deeply in-love masters. In Act 3 Scene 1, Lance claims that he too, is in love and reveals a list of which he has written down the merits of his lady. Typically, one should assume that this list – coming from an uneducated servant, should not exhibit a great amount of depth or critical thinking; however this list surprises the reader in its logicality and wittiness, and in addition, reinforces the idea of the switching of hierarchal roles. Items on Lance’s list exhibit great practicality such as â€Å"She can sew† (3. . 298) and â€Å"She can wash and scour† (3. 1. 329). Lance also cleverly transforms flaws into virtues when he describes that â€Å"She hath more hair than wit,† or that she is younger than she is intelligent and â€Å"more fault than hairs,† or more flaws than she is young and â€Å"more wealth than faults† (3. 3. 3) which amalgamates to that she is wealt hier than flawed since â€Å"that word (wealth) makes the faults gracious† because Lance understands that in real life, level of wealth is a highly influential, and possibly ultimate deciding factor in marriage or a relationship. The realistic and practical nature of the list shows the maturity and intelligence of Lance, which begs to question the nature of the picturesque but fickle and unsustainable nature of the love affairs of the masters, Valentine and Proteus. This once again reiterates the role reversal of social hierarchy and through the sensibleness of Lance and shows that the upper class may not be as intellectual as they are perceived to be. There are also other smaller remarks in scenes that support the notion that a role reversal suggests the idea that aristocrats may not be as intellectual as them seem to be. For example, in Act 2 Scene 1, when Valentine is reunited with his love, Silvia – Speed provides several asides in which he mockingly says â€Å"a million of manners! † (2. 1. 95) in response to Valentine greeting Silvia with â€Å"a thousand good morrows† (2. 1. 93-4). In this series of asides, the audience can see that the servant is sensibly belittling the absurdity of his master’s love for Silvia. An encounter in Act 3 Scene 1 between the Duke and Valentine also pokes at a role reversal when the Duke, perhaps the character with the highest social class throughout the novel, seeks advice on how to â€Å"court† (3. . 85) his lover, from Valentine: a relatively subordinate character. It is arguable that the Duke only asked Valentine for advice as a part of his scheme to figure out how Valentine has been courting his own daughter, Silvia. However, if one looks at the scene and context secluded from the ulterior intentions, the mere act of a superior asking an inferior for advice heavily suggests that the role reversal of characters in The Two Gentlemen of Verona and ultimately, that the aristocratic, or Duke, is not as almighty and wise as he is assumed to be. Finally, perhaps the most prominent manifestation of role reversal and the abasement of aristocrats lies in the exchange between Valentine and Speed. Throughout the beginning half of the play, Valentine disapproves Proteus’s love for Julia and claims that by staying at home with Julia, Proteus will have â€Å"homely wits† (1. 1. 2) and wear out his â€Å"youth with shapeless idleness† (1. 1. 8). However during Act 2 Scene 1, Valentine is criticized by Speed, for the negative effects that he has brought upon himself as a result of his love for Silvia. Speed not only brings attention to the fact that only recently did Valentine â€Å"chid[e] at Sir Proteus for going ungartered† (2. 1. 70) but also has somewhat become blinded by love. During Speed’s observation of Valentine’s state in Act 2 Scene 1, Speed condemns Valentine who now â€Å"walk[s] alone like one that had the pestilence† (2. 1. 21) as a result of being in love with Silvia, when Valentine used to â€Å"walk like one of the lions† (2. 1. 27). As a result of being â€Å"metamorphosed with a mistress† (2. 1. 29-30), when Speed â€Å"look on you [Valentine], I [Speed] can hardly think you my master† (2. . 30-1). This exchange radiates the idea that Speed sees things that Valentine is unable to as well as the idea that Speed is wiser and more intellectual than his superior, Valentine. The latter part of the scene where Speed claims that Valentine’s lover, Silvia, is actually â€Å"not so fair†(2. 1. 51) accentuat es both Speed’s expert and knowledgeable as well as Valentine’s increasingly dull and inferior characters. When Valentine questions Speed’s observation of Silvia’s beauty, Speed cleverly notes that â€Å"Because Love is blind† (2. 1. 8), Valentine is unable to see the ugliness of Silvia. In this brief exchange, Valentine and Speed play instead, the inferior and superior roles respectively as Speed lectures Valentine on this love-blind issue. Valentine’s aristocratic character is degraded as Speed didactically enlightens Valentine on the effects of love that he is unable to see. It is questionable that because a big portion of Shakespeare’s audience was of middle and lower class, he conveyed a sense of abasement of the upper class in The Two Gentlemen of Verona. Thus it can be argued that he utilized this theme as a way to provide pleasure for the audience of his work. Nonetheless, through the various exchanges between master and servant, and servant to servant, one can see that the stereotypical roles of the characters are not congruent with their actual characteristics. Lance’s relationship with his dog both parodies Proteus and Julia and allows the theme of role reversal to manifest itself in their unusual relationship. Lance’s practical list of merits provides a sense of integrity and high intellectual capability for other members of the lower class. The Duke and Valentine suggests a role reversal and finally, Speed’s didactic observation of Valentine’s chronic â€Å"love blindness† allows the audience to see the dullness of the upper class and quick wit of lower class. All these examples amalgamate to a reinforced idea that the roles of the upper class and lower class may be reversed and that the upper class are not nearly as intelligent and esteemed as they are perceived to be.

Biography of Cy Twombly, Romantic Symbolist Artist

Biography of Cy Twombly, Romantic Symbolist Artist Cy Twombly (born Edwin Parker Cy Twombly, Jr.; April 25, 1928–July 5, 2011) was an American artist known for works featuring scribbled, sometimes graffiti-like paintings. He was often inspired by classical myths and poetry. His style is called romantic symbolism for its interpretation of classical material in shapes and words or wordless calligraphy. Twombly also created sculptures during much of his career. Fast Facts: Cy Twombly Occupation: ArtistKnown For: Romantic symbolist paintings and characteristic scribblesBorn: April 25, 1928 in Lexington, VirginiaDied: July 5, 2011 in Rome, ItalyEducation: School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Black Mountain CollegeSelected Works: Academy (1955), Nine Discourses on Commodus (1963), Untitled (New York) (1970)Notable Quote: I swear if I had to do this over again, I would just do the paintings and never show them. Early Life and Education Cy Twombly grew up in Lexington, Virginia. He was the son of a professional baseball player, Cy Twombly, Sr., who had a short major league career pitching for the Chicago White Sox. Both men were nicknamed Cy after legendary pitcher Cy Young. As a child, Cy Twombly practiced art with kits that his family ordered from the Sears Roebuck catalog. He began taking art lessons at age 12. His instructor was painter Pierre Daura, a Catalan artist who fled Spain during the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s. After high school, Twombly studied at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and Washington and Lee University. In 1950, he began studying at the Art Students League of New York, where he met fellow artist Robert Rauschenberg. The two men became lifelong friends. With Rauschenbergs encouragement, Twombly spent much of 1951 and 1952 studying at the now-defunct Black Mountain College in North Carolina with artists like Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, and Ben Shahn. Klines black-and-white abstract expressionist paintings, in particular, heavily influenced Twomblys early work. Twomblys first solo exhibition took place at the Samuel M. Kootz Gallery in New York in 1951. Military Influence and Early Success With a grant from the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Cy Twombly traveled to Africa and Europe in 1952. Robert Rauschenberg accompanied him. When Twombly returned to the U.S. in 1953, Twombly and Rauschenberg presented a two-person show in New York City that was so scandalous, the visitor comments book was removed to avoid the negative and hostile responses to the show. In 1953 and 1954, Cy Twombly served in the U.S. Army as a cryptologist deciphering coded communication. While on weekend leaves, he experimented with the Surrealist art technique of automatic drawing, and he adapted it to create a methodology for drawing in the dark. The result was abstract forms and curves that emerged as key elements of later paintings. Cy Twombly Academy (1955) at Museum of Modern Art, New York City, USA. Robert Alexander / Getty Images From 1955 through 1959, Twombly emerged as a prominent New York artist associating with both Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns. During this period, his scribbled pieces on white canvas gradually evolved. His work became simpler in form and monochromatic in tone. By the late 1950s, his pieces appeared on dark canvas with what looked like white lines scratched into the surface. Romantic Symbolism and Blackboard Paintings In 1957, on a trip to Rome, Cy Twombly met Italian artist Baroness Tatiana Franchetti. They married in New York City in 1959 and soon moved to Italy. Twombly spent part of the year in Italy and part in the U.S. for the rest of his life. After moving to Europe, classical Roman myths began to heavily influence Twomblys art. In the 1960s, he frequently used classical mythology as source material. He created cycles based on myths like Leda and the Swan and The Birth of Venus. His work was dubbed romantic symbolism, as the paintings were not directly representational but rather were meant to symbolize the classical, romantic content. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Twombly created what are often called the Blackboard Paintings: scrawled white writing on a dark surface that resembles a chalkboard. The writing does not form words. In the studio, Twombly reportedly sat on the shoulders of a friend and moved back and forth along the canvas to create his curving lines. Cy Twomblys Untitled (New York City) at Christies auction. Peter Mcdiarmid / Getty Images In 1963, after the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, Twombly created a series of paintings informed by the life of the assassinated Roman emperor Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius. He titled it Nine Discourses on Commodus. The paintings include violent splatters of color against the background of grey canvases. When exhibited in New York in 1964, American critics reviews were largely negative. However, the Commodus series is now seen as one of Twomblys most significant achievements. Sculpture Cy Twombly created sculpture from found objects throughout the 1950s, but he stopped producing three-dimensional work in 1959 and did not begin again until the mid-1970s. Twombly returned to found and discarded objects, but just like his paintings, his sculptures were newly influenced by classical myths and literature. Most of Twomblys sculptures are painted white- in fact, he once said, White paint is my marble. Cy Twombly sculptures and paintings at the Broad Museum in Los Angeles, California, USA. Santi Visalli / Getty Images Twomblys sculpted works were not well-known to the public for most of his career. An exhibition of selected sculpted pieces from throughout his career was shown at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 2011, the year of Twomblys death. Since they are constructed mostly of found objects, many observers see his sculpture as a three-dimensional record of the artists life. Later Works and Legacy Late in his career, Cy Twombly added more bright color to his work, and on occasion his pieces were representational, such as his massive late-career paintings of roses and peonies. Classical Japanese art influenced these works; some are even inscribed with Japanese haiku poetry. Untitled (Roses), Cy Twombly (2008) at the Broadhurst Museum in Munich. Miguel Villagran / Getty Images One of Twomblys final works was the painting of the ceiling of a sculpture gallery at the Louvre museum in Paris, France. He died of cancer on July 5, 2011, in Rome, Italy. Twombly avoided the trappings of celebrity for most of his career. He chose to let his painting and sculpture speak for themselves. The Milwaukee Art Museum presented the first Twombly retrospective in 1968. Later major exhibitions included a 1979 retrospective at the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Museum of Modern Arts 1994 retrospective in New York City. Many see Twomblys work as a significant influence on important contemporary artists. Echoes of his approach to symbolism are seen in the work of Italian artist Francesco Clemente. Twomblys paintings also presaged the large-scale paintings by Julian Schnabel and the use of scribbling in the work of Jean-Michel Basquiat. Sources Rivkin, Joshua. Chalk: The Art and Erasure of Cy Twombly. Melville House, 2018.Storsve, Jonas. Cy Twombly. Sieveking, 2017.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Special Court for Sierra Leone Essay

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Special Court for Sierra Leone - Essay Example After the end of the conflict, the citizens of Sierra Leone wanted the individual responsible for the conflict and the atrocities that followed to be held accountable for their actions and face justice. Nevertheless, the country at the time did not have an established judicial system and the necessary infrastructure to bring these perpetrators into book (Nzongola-Ntalaja 2000). Furthermore, the existence of Lome Peace Agreement of 1999 was a big hindrance to the courts in the country to indict the alleged perpetrators as they were given a blanket amnesty by the aforementioned agreement. For this reason, there was an urgent need to form a court that would be capable of addressing the situation in the country, thus, the formation of The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL). The United Nations Security Council and the government of Sierra Leone agreed to form The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) which was established in the year 2002 on a request from Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, the then president of Sierra Leone. Unlike the courts established by the United Nations Security Council to deal with the perpetrators of the conflict in the former Yugoslavia and the Rwandan genocide, the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) was able to dispense a diverse judicial model hence characterized as a hybrid tribunal so to speak. The main aim of the special court for Sierra Leone was to deal with the post conflict justice expeditiously, and in a more economical way unlike the local courts and tribunals in the country which were slow and more expensive, not to mention their inability to respond to the plight of the citizens in the country (Murphy 2003). This court was characterized by new ways of handling judicial processes in the post conflict situations. Such characteristics include the pressure to accomplish its mandate expeditiously, use of a very tight budget, and its location. Discussion The composition of the court includes both international and local judges, counsel, and employees. This composition allows the court to administer justice without undue influence from the domestic or international pressure. The mandate of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) is to try the persons suspected of having the greatest responsibility in perpetrating the violence that ensued in Sierra Leone during the 11 years conflict. It is worth noting that this special court is independent in its operation from the domestic legal system of Sierra Leone and as such, the court uses limited statutory guidelines from the country’s criminal law and heavily depend on international humanitarian law in its proceedings (Stover 2005). The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) statute empowers the court to prosecute violations of Article 3 under the Geneva Convention, international humanitarian law violations, and crimes against humanity. One of the major strengths witnessed in the operation of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) is the responsiveness of the court i n the witness protection and management, since most of them are victims of the atrocities that ensued in Sierra Leone. The court has continued to ensure that the witness feel protected and safe during and after their testimony. This has been done by involving a variety of security resources as well as new psychosocial support program. The

Abuse of the Elderly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abuse of the Elderly - Research Paper Example Abuse and neglect are too often visited upon older individuals who have lost some degree of their independence, and many areas do not have the programs necessary to effectively counter this threat on the community level. There is even abuse and neglect that goes on with healthcare facilities, nursing homes, and home environments, and this is perhaps the most insidious sort of abuse. In some cultures, the elderly are prized and honored above all other citizens and groups, but unfortunately this is not the case in the present culture. Elder abuse can happen in healthcare or nursing home situations, or it could happen at the hands of the elder’s own family and support system. In the US today, older individuals are more likely to be seen as being in the way of the young than as role models who should be exalted because of their aged wisdom. Presently, however, many individuals are treated harshly by healthcare facilities and even their own kin, making elder abuse a significant pro blem in society. Also, in terms of economic scales, older individuals who are of a lower socio-economic class are more likely to be abused or mistreated. These people may lack a stable caregiver. There are those who say the aged should be used as models who should be exalted because of their aged wisdom. Presently, however, many individuals are treated harshly by healthcare facilities and even, as the proposed report will show, their own families and support systems, making elder abuse a significant problem in society.